AICPA Code of Professional Conduct

AICPA Code of Professional Conduct Why is it considered as the foundation of ethical reasoning in accounting? The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has outlined the expected Code of Conduct for accounting professionals. It is indeed considered to be the backbone of ethical reasoning in the field of accounting. Needless to say, there are several reasons why AICPA is the foundation of ethics for all accountants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on AICPA Code of Professional Conduct specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, rules and principles of operations are contained in the professional code of conduct. The frameworks that are used to administer the rules are provided by the AICPA’s principles. Hence, the professional services offered by accountants are governed by the set rules. In addition, technical standards for professional code of conduct can be promulgated by designated agencies that have been authorized by AIC PA. These rules and principles are the cornerstone of ethical standards applied by accountants. Besides, ethical reasoning in accounting has only been made possible by strict adherence to rules and principles. This implies that AICPA has played a significant role in maintaining sanity among accounting professionals. What are the three most important purposes of AICPA? Why are they most important? AICPA plays several roles in the field of professional accounting. In particular, it offers clear guidelines in regards to the anticipated Code of Professional Conduct. There is always the desire to boost the confidence of the public in this profession. In addition, members of the public who are served by accountants in various disciplines are supposed to be protected. For instance, there are specific rules and regulations that accountants must adhere to in order to safeguard the privacy of clients. In addition, the confidentiality of employers should be protected. As a matter of fact, the information shared by members of AICPA should be in strict adherence to the stated Professional Codes of Conduct. To begin with, AICPA plays the role of protecting members of the public who are served by accountants. As the institute safeguards the interest of the public, it also serves the purpose of improving the confidence level of the public in the field of accounting. The first section of the professional code of conduct expounds that members of AICPA are supposed to act in the most honorable manner. Professional accountants are expected to give priority to the needs of clients even if they may not gain anything in the process (AICPA, 2014). Raising the trust level of the public towards the profession is a core ethical requirement under the Rules and Articles described in the AICPA’s Professional Code of Conduct.Advertising Looking for essay on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, clie nt protection is the second most important purpose of AICPA. In other words, professional accountants are supposed to bridge the gap between client’s rules of confidentiality and protection of the public. All the guidelines on how to achieve the latter have been provided by AICPA. In order to achieve this purpose, the responsibilities of Certified Public Accountants have been clearly specified in the document containing the professional code of conduct (Jakubowski, Chao, Huh Maheshwari, 2002). Finally, AICPA aims at protecting the accounting profession. There are myriads of ways through which the profession can be protected. For instance, accountants are highly encouraged to share their knowledge, skills and competences while serving in the profession. The acquired experiences of individual accountants can yield the required outcomes. Moreover, the upcoming accountants can also acquire a lot of experience from the experts in the field. As much as clients are protected by AIC PA, accountants are also safeguarded by the same body from being abused by unethical clients. The above discussed purposes are very important because they define the close relationship among four major parties namely the accountants, clients, employers and members of the public. References AICPA (2014). AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. Retrieved from https://www.aicpa.org/research/standards/codeofconduct.html Jakubowski, S. T., Chao, P., Huh, S. K.. Maheshwari, S. (2002). A cross-country comparison of the codes of professional conduct of certified/chartered accountants. Journal of Business Ethics, 35(2), 111-129.

Nike Marketing Research Paper Example

Nike Marketing Research Paper Example Nike Marketing Paper Nike Marketing Paper For years, we thought of ourselves as a production-oriented company, meaning we put all our emphasis on designing and manufacturing the product. But now we understand that the most important thing we do is market the product. Weve come around to saying that Nike is a marketing oriented company, and the product if our most important marketing tool. -Phil Knight1[i] Marketing is a group of activities designed to expedite transactions by creating, distributing, pricing, and promoting goods, services, and ideas. [ii]Marketing is an extremely important aspect of every single company because it is what introduces the company and the companys products to the public. Through marketing businesses try to respond to what the consumer wants and needs and to foresee changes in the environment. Marketing is what sells the product. Marketing is more than just advertising; it is about pleasing the customer. The main focus of marketing is to generate utility, which by definiti on, is a products ability to satisfy human needs and wants. 1[iii]A product should make a customer happy, and make them want to buy again in the future. It is quite common that companies have to change their marketing campaigns in order to satisfy the public opinion. Although marketing is enormously important, it wouldnt be very effective without creating a quality product. In order for a customer to want to buy from that company again they have to be satisfied with their first purchase, and this satisfaction cannot be attained without creating a product of the highest quality. A company must have an expansive research and development team to improve the product and to offer the highest quality product to its consumers. This team has to undergo a process that includes brainstorming, screening, developing, and testing new products. This process allows for the development of a high quality product, and a product that consumers are going to want to purchase. Nike has been able to develop successful advertising campaigns and effectively market their products through the hard work of the Wieden and Kennedy Advertising agency, which understands the needs and desires of consumers and has successfully throughout the years marketed the products of Nike. Throughout the years Nike has had many different advertising campaigns, some more successful than others, but always created to reflect public opinion. What is most important though, is that Nike has changed their campaigns, in order to satisfy public preference. In the 1980s Phil Knights company, Nike, exceeded a billion dollars and the company never again looked back. It was than that Phil Knight realized that he needed to not only improve but also expand upon his marketing tactics. Nike continued to grow and to establish itself as the number one in its industry. Nike has effectively marketed their products and in addition understands the importance of a quality product. They are continually improving their shoes through new technologies that are developed by their research teams. An example of this is their Shox sneakers, which are designed to add a little spring to your step. This is a new technology that Nike has developed. Other new concepts or technologies that Nike has marketed and developed throughout the years has been their Alpha Line, the Nike ID line; which allows customers to customize the shoes that they purchase, the AirMax line, the Hyper Flight; Nikes lightest weight basketball shoe ever, Air Presto Faze; a lace less, slip-on running shoe. In addition to understand the importance of a quality product Nike also understands the necessity of effective marketing and this requires an understanding of public opinion. In the last few years Nike has seen a change in the focus of their advertising because a change in society and how society views professional athletes. During most of the 1980s and 1990s professional athletes were looked up to as heroes and kids and adults wanted to be like them and aspired to attain this greatness that these athletes carried with them. But this new group of professional athletes that society is currently seeing can no longer be considered heroes. Many of them have had problems with the law; they have had drug and alcohol problems or have even been arrested. Children no longer aspire to be these athletes. Children no longer strive to be like someone else as much, they have this desire to be the best person that they can be and society stresses the importance of the individual. In 1984 Michael Jordan joined the Nike team. Michael Jordan became an official spokesman for Nike. He appeared in many of their advertisements. Nike used Michael Jordan and other great athletes to capitalize on the youths desire to be like them. This is where the slogan Be Like Mike came from. People wanted to be like Michael Jordan, Nike understood this and used it to sell their products. If people wanted to be athletically as talented as Jordan, they would also want to look like him, and wear the shoes that he played in. If he was able to play so great in these shoes maybe I can to, is the idea, which Nike was working off of. Using professional athletes in their advertising campaigns was both efficient and effective for Nike. Phil Knight in an interview in the Harvard Business Review quoted It saves us a lot of time. Sports are at the heart of American culture, so a lot of emotion already exists around it. Emotions are always hard to explain, but theres something inspirational about watching athletes push the limits of performance. You cant explain much in 60 seconds, but when you show Michael Jordan, you dont have to. 1[iv] Sports marketing was a major part of Nikes advertising campaign up until recently. Although Michael Jordan was the major spokesperson for Nike, he was not the only athlete that Nike used to sell their products. Nike has included women athletes such as Monica Seles and Mia Hamm. Both us these women represented strength and were positive role models for young girls. Nike used this to market their products to girls and to inspire woman through successful women athletes. Nike has also used other men in their campaigns; a few are Michael Johnson, Pete Sampras, John McEnroe, and Andre Agassi. These male athletes were positive role models and athletes in which people aspired to be. When Michael Jordan retired in January of 1999 Nike needed to find a new hero, a new athlete as great as Michael Jordan and as widely accepted for children to aspire to be. Unfortunately the professional sports market no longer boasted any Michael Jordans. Nike started promoting Tiger Woods and a golf line, but Tiger Woods is just not an athlete that all children look up to and want to be. Black respondents said hes corny and acts like hes white, while white respondents said his clothes look funny. 1[v]Nike could not find an athlete that replaced Michael Jordan. Many of the professional basketball stars are not the kind of people that children look up to. Athletes like Litrell Sprewell and Allen Iverson who are excellent athletes and talented basketball players have had problems with the law, and are not people that adults want children to look up to. Not only have young people lost some of the respect that they hold for professional athletes because of their behavior, some young people are turned off by the contract wars that goes on between athletes and team managers. And also the competition that occurs over having the highest salary; for example many people were turned off by Alex Rodriguezs 250 million dollar contract, because they felt that professional sports were no longer about sports, but about money. In addition to the changing caliber of professional athletes there is a greater emphasis placed on the individual. And being your own person. People are proud of their uniqueness and individuality and they want to express this. With this new school of thinking Nike has created new advertising campaigns to satisfy public opinion. Dave Larson, Nikes brand initiatives director stated, The idea for the marketing campaign came from some of Nikes own research. We went out and asked kids whom they aspired to be. We figured that we would hear, I want to be like Mike, but what we heard was I want to be my own me. 1[vi]Nikes new campaigns no longer revolve around professional athletes, but rather individual athleticism and individual success. Nike has departed from using athletes as their main form of advertisement and has moved to advertising the everyday man and woman and expressing the importance of individuality. Recently Nike has launched many new advertising commercials. The first is a commercial that shows a city and is based on the premise that adults never stopped playing tag. A man is tagged from behind and then the bustling city becomes deserted as everyone runs to hide. This man is now IT, and he cant continue on with his day until he tags someone else IT. The second commercial is called Shade Running, and it follows a woman running through a city, but she can only run where she finds shade. The third commercial is called tailgating. This commercial follows two people, one man following close behind the other, tailgating him and invading his personal space; by bouncing a basketball as close to this individual without actually touching him. These three commercials are supposed to send out the message that there is joy and simplicity to expressing ones individualism through sport. Have a little fun dont limit yourself to narrow rules or succumb to the thats how its always been done trap. ( nikebiz. com/)1[vii] These three campaigns are supported and aided by what is known as Nike Play. This campaign runs both commercials and events, and is the epitome of the shift that Nike has undergone to reflect the changing public opinion. Nike has created a website ( nike. com/play)1[viii] that tells the story of this campaign and allows viewers to view short videos of kids putting their own take on sports. It shows people showing off their moves in events such as basketball moves, soccer dribbling, BMX biking, double-Dutch break-dancing and other extreme and individual events. Nikes Play campaign stresses individual achievement and encourages everyone to participate. Another new campaign that Nike is currently running is its Boing advertisements. These are for Nikes Shox sneakers and Wieden and Kennedy have coined a term to describe the experience that these sneakers offer for you. Displays for Shox at sneaker stores, allow customers to hear the Boing sound. The public has responded positively to Nikes new advertising campaigns and the difference in their focus. Many people have attended the Nike Play festivals in support of the new Nike campaign, which is based around individualism and individual sports. Many citizens have recently questioned some of what professional sports have come to stand for. Some people feel that these teams are no longer about promoting athleticism, but rather about making the most money. In addition people feel that these professional athletes are no longer role models for the countries youth and are not people to aspire to be. With this switch in public opinion more emphasis has been placed on the individual and on the simplicity of athleticism. In the near future, Nike will more than likely continue on with its trend of supporting the individual and athleticism as opposed to revolving its entire campaign around professional athletes. This is because of a changing view in society and because more emphasis has been placed on the individual. Successful marketing advertises public opinion, and that is what Nike is doing through their new marketing strategies. Nikes marketing campaign reflects the popular preferences in society and the stress that society is putting on individual uniqueness.

Spinal Column Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spinal Column - Essay Example According to Wilke (2006), the thoracic spine has a curve that bends outwards, forming a shape resembling a backward "C"; it is known as the kyphotic curve. Lumbar spine- This is the lowermost part of the spinal column. It is made up of 5 (some people have 6) vertebrae (L1 to L5). The lumbar spine links the pelvis and the thoracic spine and therefore supports most of the body’s weight; they are also the largest vertebrae. The lumbar spine has a curve (lordotic curve) that bends inward (Wilke, 2006). Plain X-rays, no matter what technique is employed, normally underestimate the extent of traumatic injury. In addition to this, there is a high likelihood that lesions will not be detected. Non-displaced and hairline fractures are very hard to detect using the normal radiographs. Using plain X-ray films, latent vertebral fractures are likely to be diagnosed wrongly in patients suffering from osteoporosis (Wilke,