Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 393 U.S. 503 (1969) was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine whether a school s disciplinary actions violate students First Amendment rights.The principal of the Des Moines schools learned of the plan and met on December 14 to create a policy that stated that school children wearing an armband would be asked to remove it immediately. Violating students would be suspended and allowed to return to school after agreeing to comply with the policy. The participants decided to violate this policy. Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt were suspended from school for wearing the armbands on December 16 and John Tinker was suspended for doing the same on the following day. (The two youngest participants were not punished.) Mary Beth, Christopher, and John were suspended from school until after January 1, 1966, when their protest had been scheduled to end. The 1973 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court case was a major landmark in not only the abortion issue, but also in American government. In this paper I will discuss the case, including both arguments and the decision, and the significance of Roe v. Wade. I will also discuss the basis of the ruling as according to the implied right of privacy through the 14th amendment, and how the court reached that decision.In 1971 Norma McCorvey, aShow MoreRelatedTinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesoutline if exercises of free speech and expression are constitutional or unconstitutional. One of the most paramount 1st amendment cases is that of Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969). This significant case helped shape the extension of symbolic speech, as well as ensure the freedom of speech and expression to students in schools. In December 1965, a group of Iowa residents, both adults and children, gathered to discuss ways in which they could protest American involvementRead MoreCyberbullying And Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District879 Words   |  4 PagesCyberbullying and Tinker Cyberbullying is prevalent in today s society due to the abundance of teenage students having access to the internet either on campus or off of campus. Bullying over the internet is thought of being done by students against students. Although this is true, there are many instances where students use the internet to voice their opinions about teachers and administrators in which the language is vulgar, lewd, and demeaning. As of 2015, all states in the UnitedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pagesworry of punishment by the government. An example of this is the Tinker V. Des Moines Independent Community School District case in the years 1968-1969. In this Supreme Court case, the Tinker family was fighting for their right to symbolic speech at school. Another case regarding Freedom of Speech at a school is Hazelwood School District V. Kuhlmeier. This case is also concerning the right to free speech at school. Free speech in school greatly affects many people. According to the National Center forRead MoreThe Tinker V. Des Moines Independent School District Decision Of 1969952 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most well-known Supreme Cases involving student rights was the Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District decision of 1969. The verdict quickly became a precedent for many othe r decisions involving school issues and is very relevant today. In December of 1965, students attending Des Moines Public Schools held a meeting at Christopher Eckhardt s house to conduct a plan to show their support for a truce in the ongoing Vietnam War. They resolved to wear black armbands during the holidayRead MoreTinker Vs. Des Moines1399 Words   |  6 PagesCase Name: Tinker vs. Des Moines (1969) Facts of the case: In December of 1965, a group of Des Moines students held a meeting at 16-year-old Christopher Eckhardt’s house to plan a public showing of their support for a truce in the Vietnam war. They came to the decision that they would wear black armbands during the holiday season and fast on December 16 as well as New Year’s Eve. When the principals of the Des Moines school learned about the plan, they met on December 14 to create a policy statingRead MoreFreedom of Religion and Freedom of Expression: Tinker V. Des Moines1404 Words   |  6 PagesWhat if you were suspended from school because of something you were wearing? Not only was the clothing or item appropriate, it was something you were fighting for or something you believe is right. Is this fair or okay for this to happen? There is a specific incident that this situation happened to a few teenagers in Des Moines, Iowa in December of 1965. A group of students wanting to wear black armbands throughout the holiday seas on was in for a wake up call. (FORTAS) These plans and or idea wereRead MoreStudent Code Of Conduct And Employee Handbook867 Words   |  4 Pagesalleged cyberbullying, Beaufort Country School District has taken proactive steps towards de-escalating cyberbullying in their schools. Willis was bullied on social media networks: Facebook, and Instagram, and video-sharing website YouTube. Despite her family monitoring her Internet activities neither her parents nor friends were aware she used a pseudonym on Tumblr until after her passing where repeated threats and bullying took place. Beaufort County Schools has added anti-bully prevention and conflictRead MoreCyberbullying And The First Amendment849 Words   |  4 PagesFirst Amendment This paper addresses a situation in which a student notified this author that she was being subjected to bullying through another classmate’s Facebook page. A discussion of steps required by Oregon’s statutes, the Lake Oswego School District s board policies and the student handbook, will provide a basis for examining any First Amendment arguments that the bullying has raised, with a discussion of the author s First Amendment responses consistent with applicable Supreme Court casesRead MoreThe Tinker Vs. Des Moines Case1498 Words   |  6 Pagesissues in their lives. The Tinker vs. Des Moines case helped determined and interpret legal rights of young citizens for the first time. A group of students made a decision to wear black armbands to school to support a peace establishing agreement during the Vietnam War. As a result, the participating students; Mary Beth Tinker, Christopher Eckhardt, and John Tinker got suspended for their actions (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District).The school outlawed and attempted to penalizeRead MoreThe Battle Over The Religious Homework809 Words   |  4 PagesThe Battle Over the Religious Homework Eventually, teachers, in the public school system, will find themselves in the crosshairs in the debate over a student’s expression of religious beliefs within the classroom. What should a teacher do if a student decides to submit an essay on Jesus as their hero accompanied by a drawing of the Last Supper? Should the teacher accept the student’s submission? If so, will the assignment be displayed on the classroom wall? By investigations the students’ religious

French Revolution Democracy in the Contemporary World

QUESTIONS ANSWERS FROM PREVIOUS QUESTION PAPERS FRENCH REVOLUTION DEMOCRACY IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD FRENCH REVOLUTION .‘The eighteenth century France witnessed the emergence of the middle class’. Who were they and what were their ideas ? ââ€"  Middle class was a social group that had earned their wealth through overseas trade and manufacture of goods. ââ€"  It included professions as lawyers or administrative officials. They were educated and believed that : (i) no group in the society should be privileged by birth. (ii) person’s social position must depend on his merit. (iii) a society should be based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. (iv) Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu were its main thinkers What was the†¦show more content†¦(i) National Assembly held long debates to abolish slavery but did not pass any law, fearing opposition of businessmen whose income depended on slave trade. (ii) It was finally the convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves (iii) But it turned out to be a short term measure because ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery (iv) Plantation owners understood their freedom as including the right to enslave Africans in persuit of their economic interests. (v) It was finally abolished in French colony in 1848. Who constituted the middle class in the French Society in the 18th century ? Explain the conditions that helped them in bringing change in social and economic order in France ? †¢ The prosperous social groups within the third estate like traders, merchants, manufacturers and professionals were termed as middle class. †¢ Circumstances : (i) Their prosperity and access to education and new ideas. (ii) Having enough means and programmes to bring about a change. (iii) The belief that no social group should be privileged by birth. (iv) Ideas of philosophers helped in envisaging a society based on freedom and equality. What was Jacobin club ? Who were its members ? How did Jacobins contribute to carry the French Revolution further ? ââ€"  It was a political club formed to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action. ââ€"  Its members mainly belonged to the less prosperous section of society. ââ€"  TheirShow MoreRelatedThe Beginning Of The Year1524 Words   |  7 Pagesideas of democracies and how freedom and equality could change the world for the better. The American Revolution was sparked by the ideas of The Enlightenment, and that was only the beginning of America’s fight for a democracy, all thanks to the ideas of the European Enlightenment. The European Enlightenment helped to shape the world’s society in political, social, and historical ways. The Enlightenment caused many revolutions and rebellions, such as the French and American Revolutions. For exampleRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical change is when there is a change in leadership or a change in policy of a government due to a significant disruption such as a social movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly social issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/orRead MoreThe French Revolution First Popularized The Words Terrorist And Terrorism 1506 Words   |  7 Pages Whereas the French Revolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example toRead MoreThe Development of Liberalism throught the Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pagesorder. However underlying the adversarial theory there is the notion of an innate goodness and moral sensibility that governs the competition that creates the social dynamic, controlling the society economically . The liberalist also debate upon democracy as the tool of the majority to practice tyranny over the minority . Liberalism theory has also been subject to changes with time. Lib eralism emerges from a general idea of protesting against a seat of power and differs from the radicals in the senseRead MoreSocial Change Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagessome aspects of social change create positive results for example democracy and human rights expanded in the aftermath of the American and French revolutions many have unintended consequences the expanded availability of communications technology blurs conventional boundaries between home and work. In fact, not all social groups view and respond to social change as positive. While social change might seem inevitable from a contemporary perspective, its causes and pace vary over time. In past historicalRead MoreThe European Union ( Eu )1691 Words   |  7 Pagesas well as the ideals which drove key democratic revolutions, including the American and French Revolutions. Starting in the late 1600s, in the midst of the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment began. The general ideals of the Enlightenment were the practic e of reason over faith, the importance of the individual, increased liberalism, the significance of personal experience, and progress. These ideals coalesced into the fundamentals of contemporary nationalism that were the cornerstone of the EnlightenmentRead MoreDoes Religion Foster Democracy?1383 Words   |  6 PagesDoes religion foster democracy? This question has plagued many political scientists for decades. Carsten Ancker examines the theories of Samuel P. Huntington in her work â€Å"Religion and Democracy: A Worldwide Comparison.† In 1991, Huntington hypothesized that religion led to the institutionalization of democracy, especially Christianity. Huntington referenced the rise of democracies in the 70’s that were related to the spread of religion as well as earlier, when Protestantism was popular. In his bookRead MoreLocated Between Russia And The West, East Central Europe1458 Words   |  6 Pageschallenges given the fact that there is no detailed guide on how to bring about said transition. Looking back, East Central Europe’s unique history has sometimes seemed to be a catalyst for change within the region, in the sense that certain events (World War II, the Cold War, fall of the Soviet, etc.) seemed to expedite the region from one phase to another. As such, I seek to explain how the history of East Central Europe is manifesting itself in the present to affect the region’s relations with itsRead MoreThe French Revolution, the Chinese Revolution, Napoleon Conquests, European Colonialism1959 Words   |  8 PagesNAPOLEON 1. French Revolution marked the end of the Ancient Regime and has great importance in the history of Europe after the fall of Rome. Main theme of French Revolution was Equality, Liberty and Fraternity which affected the France, Europe and even the whole world. Liberty was the principle of liberalism while equality and fraternity developed the socialism. French Revolution abolished the absolute monarchy in France. 2. Napoleon came in rule at the end of the French Revolution and is generallyRead MoreLife of Maxamillian Robespierre979 Words   |  4 Pagesand fall as the leader of the French Revolution. Known as â€Å"The Incorruptible†, or alternately â€Å"Dictateur Sanguinaire† Robespierre is a monumental figure of the French Revolution, but which was he? Was he the incorruptible revolutionist fighting to overthrow the Ancien Regime or a raging radical that implemented his own absolute tendencies under the cover of the revolution? When dissecting the dichotomy of Robespierre’s life and actions during the French Revolution and comparing it to the seven

Health Economics Equity

Question: Discuss about the Health Economicsfor Equity. Answer: Introduction: Equity, efficiency and effectiveness are the three key terms that had been intricately associated with health economics (Culyer, 2014). With the present generation being more cautious and careful about their health, needs and demands for healthcare have increased. This has resulted in a situation of resource wastage which resulted many needy patients to return from healthcare centers empty-handed. Patients with low socio economic background are the ones with most financial constraints and are the one who are mostly affected (Docteur Oxley, 2004). To ponder more light on the issue, one must have a detailed knowledge about the key terms and how these terms are used by economists to refer to the current situation. Equity: As emphasize on literature review, it seems that there is no simple way of defining the concept of equity. Guinness and Wiseman (2011) refers it as a policy objective which tries to do fair allocation of resources. According to World Health Organization 2017, equity is principle of being fair to all, with reference to a defined and recognized set of values (WHO, 2015) More specifically it explains, everyone must have an equal opportunity to achieve full health and at reasonable cost. It should not be based on personal characteristics such as sex, ethnicity, location and social and economic status (Braveman Gruskin, 2003). Equity can be in different seven aspects such as equity of expenditure input per capita, equal access for need, use of equal resources, equal treatment and equal health outcome (Price et al., 2014). To provide universal coverage health, OECD countries are providing universal insurance coverage and taking steps to remove financial barrier and ensures the adequate supply and address social disparity (Philipson, 2015). To follow this approach, Australian health department through Medicare health insurance have tried to provide health care to all. On the other hand, some countries found that comprehensive health insurance is not enough to provide equal health services to all due to shortage of health workers, infrastructure and cultural difference and so on (Docteur Oxley, 2004). Australia also focuses on indigenous people for better health outcome. It is fact that government always focus on private insurance for addressing different health problems (Guinness Wiseman, 2011). In OECD countries, private health insurance has small share of total health funding but it covers 30% population in these countries and play a significant roles, primary coverage for specific population to sup port the public systems but some opponents observed that private health insurance is not capable to provide equitable services because of social inequity (Colombo Tapay, 2004).In Australia, equity and access of primary health care is significantly very low in rural and remote areas as compared to urban areas. Low socio-economic status, poor education rate and low income contribute to poor health (AIHW. 2008b). Efficiency: The recent trends of the spreading of health awareness among the entire nation of Australia have in turn resulted in a positive aspect of health care. People have become more cautioned about their healthcare and do not tend to take risks with any occurrence of ill health (Colombo Tapay, 2004). Therefore, growing demands in health care has been seen in the recent era which had in turn created another major issue for the healthcare providers. Decision makers have failed miserably to reconcile the growing demand of healthcare services with that of the funds allotted to them (Auerbach et al., 2013). This had emerged as a new challenge for policymakers, economists as well as for the hospital authorities. Herein one can find the usage of the term of efficiency. Efficiency is defined as the correct way of measurement that monitors whether the resources that are allocated and available to the healthcare sectors are being utilized efficiently in order to get the best value for the money (Ferraz, 2015). It should be aimed by every sector in the healthcare industry that they should be able to achieve a higher efficiency from the scarce resources that are available to them without compromising the quality of the care provided (Baicker Robbins, 2015). Scientists have defined efficiency as the relation between the resources input like costs which can be in the form of labor, capital or equipments and that of either intermediate outputs like numbers of patients who have been treated, waiting time and others. There is also a relationship with that of the final health outcome like lives saved, life years gained, quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and others (Baio Dawid, 2015). All these act as components that help in the correct measurement of effe ctiveness in the healthcare services provided. Recent studies have suggested that there are many instances where it is found that the higher cost providers do not provide higher quality care intentionally. This shows that the system requires potential for improvement in order to stop exploiting the financial resources of patients and their family members (Andrews Van de Walle, 2013). Efficiency in this domain would require provision of absolute high quality care in the minimum of available resources without any exploitation of the healthcare resources and also preventing financial exploitations of patients and careers (Baicker Robbins, 2015). In many instances, it is seen that older patients are often provided with medications that are inappropriate for them and as a result they require to be admitted to hospital that result in draining of excess money (Docteur Oxley, 2004). Not only older patients, a huge number of other cohorts are also observed to have received the order of hospitalization or they tend to force the providers to seek treatment (Docteur Oxley, 2004). However a bigger issue of debate arises here about the terms of healthcare needs and healthcare demands. There are many admissions where good outpatient care and early intervention in home or dispensaries can prevent the need for costly hospital treatments (Braveman Gruskin, 2003). These can save resources of both the hospitals and personal finance and as a result efficiency can be maintained by providing this saved resources to the needy patient for whom healthcare service is an emergency requirement (Philipson, 2015). Technical efficiency can be achieved when the healthcare sectors are providing more outputs from a definite set of inputs or by producing a set amount of output using the minimum number of inputs (Malik, 2013). We can define this with an example. If a healthcare organization can deliver service to 25 people with 2 doctors and 4 nurses, then serving 20 patients with the same number of doctors and nurses keeping other patient waiting is technical inefficiency (Colombo Tapay, 2004). Economic efficiency mainly is derived from the cost effectiveness perspective and can be defined as the production of the most output for a given cost or the production of a set of amount of output at the minimalistic possible cost (Culyer, 2014). If one ponders over the previous example, technical efficiency can be achieved by providing 2 doctors and 4 nurses to treat 25 patients or 4 doctors and 2 nurses to treat the same number of patients (Colombo Tapay, 2004). Technical efficiency is not affected here but economic efficiency is affected because 4 doctors in place of 2 doctors would require more financial drain by the organization and therefore cannot fulfill economic efficiency. Effectiveness: By the term effectiveness, one can mean the extent to which goals, objectives and planned outcomes are achieved with the application of a well planned strategy, activity, intervention or initiative (Baicker Robbins, 2015). The main objective for this was to achieve the desired outcome in the treatment under ordinary circumstances. There are certain components that help to define the term effectiveness in a much better way. The term effectiveness is often considered by different stakeholders with different values and therefore the differences between effective and ineffective care is also found to vary among different individuals (Auerbach et al., 2013). Different components that had remained intricately associated with the concept of effectiveness is definitions of medical necessity, assessing the term appropriateness, evidence based medicine and its application and also value based care (Danzon et al., 2015). Effectiveness of a healthcare service provided refers to the outcome of t he services provided which are of the proven value and have no important tradeoffs. By the sentence, it is meant that benefits of the service provided must outweigh the risks that remain associated with all the patients with specific medical needs (Baio Dawid, 2015). For example if someone wants to apply beta blockers to a present, its effectiveness should be judged. This application should be backed by well articulated medical theory and strong evidence of efficacy which could be the result from valid cohort studies and clinical trials (Steel et al., 2016). Clinical effectiveness of an intervention, strategy, medication and other applications always remain backed up with different types of researches that are conducted by scientists usually carrying out single or multiple experiments and trials which may bring out expected results in the first go or may require a number of experiments which may still show conflicting results (Sanders et al., 2016). Application of such evidence based strategies and interventions prove more effectiveness when followed for the treatment of a patient. The cost effective analysis helps to assess the benefit in the terms of health outcomes which may be in the form of improved symptoms and survival (Baio Dawid, 2015). This can be very well explained by the example. The cost effectiveness of a project was analyzed. A study was conducted for assuming the effectiveness of in-vitro fertilization of women with that of a mild approach (Malik, 2013). The cost associated of the approach was compared with the net outcome of the project in the form of the love births that resulted from the cumulative pregnancies in the project. Scientists have thereby defined the term cost effectiveness as the ratio that exists between the cost and expenditure of the therapeutic or preventive intervention to that of the relevant measure of its effect and outcomes (Malmivaara, 2014). Cost is mainly allocated in the form of dollar or pounds. The measure or effects is however is dependent on the intervention that is being considered by the concerned authority (Neumann, 2016). Interaction Between Equity, Effectiveness and Efficiency: Before establishing the interactive networks of the three important components of equity, effectiveness and efficiency one must try putting each of the concepts on a similar platform. This would in turn be helpful in establishing the webbed network that exists between them (Neumann, 2016). Effectiveness mainly focuses on the outcomes which are intended and desired that had been provided by health services. It is mainly measured by the different levels of improvement and health preservation. The outcomes include not only the outcomes related with health like disease symptoms, physical and mental functioning, mortality, and life expectancy but also impact of health outcomes like economic productivity, quality of life, and well-being (Andrews Van de Walle, 2013). However when evaluating efficiency, concerned analysts determine this concept of health service delivery in terms of input or output. When considered as output, evaluation is made on production efficiency and when considering input the focus is on allocate efficiency which mainly depends on the concept of cost and effectiveness of a given service with that of other related service (Philipson, 2015). Equity however remains concerned with distribution of fairness in the provision of health services and health status among subgroups of population. All these components play very important roles in analyzing the achievement of health services functioning and policy aims. If one wants to establish how the interaction exists between the components, it can be stated as that the improvement of the effectiveness of the healthcare services at the same time of holding the resources constant provides opportunities for the increment of efficiency (Price et al., 2014). Again increased efficiency helps in the creation of opportunities that result in improved effectiveness and equity. However a number of conflicts may also arise when tacking the components on the same platform. If one wants to expand the limits of effectiveness by the allocation of additional resources for improving the healthcare services, it may compromise efficiency (Steel et al., 2016). This mainly happens when the cost of the resources are high in relation to the effectiveness. Another aspect also needs to be focused here. When a person maximizes effectiveness and efficiency by distribution of the resources to persons who would gain most health, equity is compromised (Malmivaara, 2014). This is unfair in respect of the procedural or substantive equity as this might lead to an uneven distribution of health services and health status coming under the policies. Conclusion: One can easily find out that an extensive relation exists between different components of health economics. The concerned authorities, healthcare sectors, policy makers and others must discuss and plan different systems effectively so that the components may perform in harmony when evaluating the economics in the healthcare sectors. This would ultimately help in solving the problems of resource management and help in sustainable maintenance of resources in healthcare. References Andrews, R., Van de Walle, S. (2013). New public management and citizens' perceptions of local service efficiency, responsiveness, equity and effectiveness.Public Management Review,15(5), 762-783. Auerbach, A. J., Chetty, R., Feldstein, M., Saez, E. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of public economics(Vol. 5). Newnes. Australian Government productivity commission. (2015). Efficiency in health. Retrieved from:https://www.pc.gov.au/research/completed/efficiency-health/efficiency-health.pdf Baicker, K., Robbins, J. A. (2015). Medicare payments and system-level health-care use: the spillover effects of Medicare managed care.American journal of health economics. Baio, G., Dawid, A. P. (2015). Probabilistic sensitivity analysis in health economics.Statistical methods in medical research,24(6), 615-634. Braveman, P Gruskin, S. (2003). Defining equity in Health. Journal of epidemiology community health. Retrieved from: doi:10.1136/jech.57.4.254 Colombo, F Tapay, N.(2004). Private health insurance in OECD Countries: the benefits and costs for individuals and health systems. Culyer, A. J. (2014).Encyclopedia of health economics. Newnes. Danzon, P., Towse, A., Mestre?Ferrandiz, J. (2015). Value?Based Differential Pricing: Efficient Prices for Drugs in a Global Context.Health economics,24(3), 294-301. Docteur, E Oxley, H. (2004). The OECD Health Project: Towards high performing health systems: policy studies. Chapter 1. Page 19-86 Ferraz, M. B. (2015). Health economics, equity, and efficiency: are we almost there?.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research: CEOR,7, 119. Griffith University. (2017). Teachers notes: Economic Ideologies. Retrieved from: Griffith portal. Guinness, L., Wiseman, V. (2011). Introduction to Health Economics. 2nd edition. McGraw Hill Open University Press. Page 251 Malik, A. (2013). An innovation in the undergraduate medical curriculum: integrating a course on health economics longitudinally. Malmivaara, A. (2014). On decreasing inequality in health care in a cost-effective way.BMC health services research,14(1), 1. Neumann, P. (2016, October). PANEL: RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE SECOND PANEL ON COST-EFFECTIVENESS IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE. In38th Annual North American Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making. Smdm. Philipson, T. J. (2015). Paying for cost-effective health care: Does it violate both static-and dynamic efficiency?.Nordic Journal of Health Economics. Price, R. A., Elliott, M. N., Zaslavsky, A. M., Hays, R. D., Lehrman, W. G., Rybowski, L., ... Cleary, P. D. (2014). Examining the role of patient experience surveys in measuring health care quality.Medical Care Research and Review,71(5), 522-554. Sanders, G. D., Neumann, P. J., Basu, A., Brock, D. W., Feeny, D., Krahn, M., ... Salomon, J. A. (2016). Recommendations for conduct, methodological practices, and reporting of cost-effectiveness analyses: second panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine.Jama,316(10), 1093-1103. Steel, A., Sundberg, T., Reid, R., Ward, L., Bishop, F. L., Leach, M., ... Adams, J. (2016). Osteopathic manipulative treatment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of comparative effectiveness and health economics research.Manual Therapy. WHO, (2015). Health financing for universal coverage. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/health_financing/documents/health-system-efficiency/en/ WHO, (2017). Gender, equity and human rights. Retrieved from: www.who.int

French Paintings of Napoleonic Wars free essay sample

Compares glories of war portrayed in Jean-Antoine Gros The Battle of Aboukir Theodore Gericaults Portrait of an Officer of the Chasseurs. The great French novelist, and occasional art critic, Stendhal was engaged in praising a particular painter when he wrote that though I have seen two or three thousand painted battle scenes I have seen two or three real ones. During the Napoleonic period the wars that were waged by France were such a major part of the lives of members of all classes that it is not surprising to find many paintings of war. As Stendhals only slightly exaggerated remark shows, such paintings were staples of contemporary art. The history of the paintings of military subjects embodies the great problem of the age in France and, to a lesser degree, throughout Europe. After the French Revolution, which heralded the supposed triumph of the common man, the rise of a true common man, Napoleon, to the status of conqueror of most of Europe and then self-declared Emperor of the. We will write a custom essay sample on French Paintings of Napoleonic Wars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea

Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, builds impressive silk tents that sometimes enclose entire branches. The tents appear in late summer or fall - hence the name fall webworm. Its a common pest of hardwood trees in its native North America. The fall webworm also presents a problem in Asia and Europe, where it was introduced. Description The fall webworm is often confused with eastern tent caterpillars, and sometimes with gypsy moths. Unlike eastern tent caterpillars, the fall webworm feeds within its tent, which encloses foliage at the end of branches. Defoliation by fall webworm caterpillars does not usually cause damage to the tree, since they feed in late summer or fall, just before leaf drop. Control of fall webworm is usually for aesthetic benefit. The hairy caterpillars vary in color and come in two forms: red-headed and black-headed. They tend to be pale yellow or green in color, though some may be darker. Each segment of the caterpillars body has a pair of spots on the back. At maturity, the larvae may reach one inch in length. The adult fall webworm moth is bright white, with a hairy body. Like most moths, the fall webworm is nocturnal and attracted to light. Classification Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Lepidoptera Family - Arctiidae Genus - Hyphantria Species - cunea Diet Fall webworm caterpillars will feed on any one of over 100 tree and shrub species. Preferred host plants include hickory, pecan, walnut, elm, alder, willow, mulberry, oak, sweetgum, and poplar. Life Cycle The number of generations per year depends greatly on latitude. Southern populations may complete four generations in one year, while in the north the fall webworm completes only one life cycle. Like other moths, the fall webworm undergoes complete metamorphosis, with four stages: Egg – The female moth deposits several hundred eggs on the undersides of leaves in spring. She covers the mass of eggs with hairs from her abdomen.Larva – In one to two weeks, the larvae hatch and immediately begin spinning their silken tent. Caterpillars feed for up to two months, molting as many as eleven times.Pupa – Once larvae reach their final instar, they leave the web to pupate in leaf litter or bark crevices. Fall webworm overwinters in the pupal stage.Adult – Adults emerge as early as March in the south, but dont fly until late spring or early summer in northern areas. Special Adaptations and Defenses Fall webworm caterpillars develop and feed within the shelter of their tent. When disturbed, they may convulse to dissuade possible predators. Habitat The fall webworm lives in areas where host trees occur, namely hardwood forests and landscapes. Range The fall webworm lives throughout the U.S., northern Mexico, and southern Canada – its native range. Since its accidental introduction into Yugoslavia in the 1940s, Hyphantria cunea has invaded most of Europe, too. The fall webworm also inhabits parts of China and North Korea, again due to the accidental introduction. Other Common Names: Fall Webworm Moth Sources Garden Insects of North America, by Whitney CranshawFall Webworm, G. Keith Douce, Bugwood.orgSpecies Hyphantria cunea - Fall Webworm Moth, Bugguide.net

Vodafones Sale Of Ownership Of Joint Venture To Verizon Essay

Vodafones Sale Of Ownership Of Joint Venture To Verizon - Essay Example is a United States (US) based company that is headquartered at New York and provides innovative technology and communication solutions, which enhances the way the customers play, work and live. On September 2013, Verizon Communications has agreed to pay Vodafone Group $130 billion in order to buy the US wireless business. This has been the third largest corporate deal in history. This paper focuses on the deal, highlighting on the history of the joint venture, rationale of the two companies behind the deal, reaction in the stock market, tax consequences and plans of Vodafone with this cash generation. Brief History of the Joint venture between Vodafone and Verizon In June 1994, the regional phone company of United States, Bell Atlantic, had formed a partnership in the wireless division with their immediate neighbour, NYNEX, covering almost 55 million customers who were regarded as potential for the organization (Thomson Reuters, 2013). This deal marked the beginning of the organization, Verizon Wireless. In 1996, NYNEX and Bell Atlantic agreed to enter into an outright merger. Then again in the year 1998, GTE and Bell Atlantic agreed to merge together. ... In June 2000, the merger of GTE and Bell Atlantic was closed and Verizon Communication was created. At this time, the wireless operation of GTE was included in Verizon Wireless. In this joint venture, Verizon Communications was the majority owner with a stake of about 55 percent (Thomson Reuters, 2013). In the year 2004, Vodafone lost the bidding for AT&T Wireless, which might have forced to sell the stake of Verizon Wireless. Arun Sarin, the CEO of Vodafone had said that Vodafone would discuss with Verizon regarding the future of their partnership. He insisted that both the companies would have bigger stake in the joint venture. In the year 2012, Verizon Wireless provided its parent with a dividend of $10 billion and $8.5 billion in December and January, respectively. At the beginning of 2013, Verizon was considering the purchase of their stake in Verizon Wireless (Thomson Reuters, 2013). In March, new sources claimed that Verizon was intending to resolve their relationship with Vod afone. In April 2013, Verizon expressed their desire to buy back the 45 percent of Vodafone’s stake in Verizon Wireless and put an end to all speculations regarding the merger of Vodafone and Verizon. On this context, Gerard Kleisterlee, the chairman of Vodafone, had stated that the company will consider the offer seriously, provided it offers more value to the investors. Rationale of Verizon behind Buying and Vodafone behind selling On September 2013, Verizon Communications Inc. had announced their agreement with Vodafone group Plc. for acquiring 45 percent stakes of Vodafone in Verizon Wireless for $ 130 billion, comprising of stock and cash. Verizon expect that after closing the

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Global warming - Essay Example With the influx of urbanization, pollution from engines, industries, and companies needs to be stringently regulated. Such has become an advocacy for Intergovern ­mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), and the United Na ­tions Environment Programme (UNEP) since 1988 with civil society around the globe (IPCC, 2007). The issue deserved serious concern as global temperature increased from 3 ° to 5 ° C – and might reached at 5.4 ° to 9 ° Fahrenheit in 2100. The sea level has also risen at 25 meters and is projected to reach 82† by the year 2100 (IPCC, 2007).    The rise of global temperatures brought along some drastic changes in land and oceans as thermal expands at the ocean and the rapid melting of polar and Antarctic regions (IPCC, 2007; Craven, 2012). Ecologists likewise observed that precipitation patterns are changing with disaster’s increase of numbers and intensities. Experts posit that the erratic increase of frequency, duration, and intensity of climatic outburst caused so much flooding, prolonged drought season, severe heat waves, and changes in weather patterns (IPCC, 2007; Craven, 2012). The global warming cause negative impact to agriculture too as yields became poor; more glacial retreat, reduced summer period; and brought extinction of some species (IPCC, 2007; Craven, 2012). Health experts also argued that global warming also espoused malaria and other diseases in areas where these have been quelled before (IPCC, 2007). Global warming is a consequence of both manmade actions and astronomical developments influencing the earth’s surface (Craven, 2012). In the last decades, people have increasingly devastated ecology with pollution, logging, mining, and other resource related extraction. This is further aggravated with the recent phenomenon when the sun reached its ripening period thus producing some C-flares,